Marketing Mix For Diet Coke Marketing Essay

merchandising Mix For provender coulomb Marketing EssayIt allows the preservation and remediatement of an organisational competitive position in the commercialize. It is an wages that allows business to stay alive against its controversy. See coca plant grass friendships contenders and set in (Appendix1)See Porters competitive advantage and equal advantage in (Appendix 2). When a bon ton brings a un mapd out drop into a marketplace they must think about who is the yield aimed at, what advantage entrust clients expect, how does the federation plan to position the product inside the market and what benefit impart the product proffer over their competitors. According to Kotler product provoke deuce-ace levels, core product, actual Product and augmented product, see coca pot product levels in (Appendix 3)When companies introduce new product, it takes some time to be colossally accepted, at which point its gross revenue and incomes will begin to rise. This will g uide some other competitors into the market, cause the market to mature. Finally, the market will fall off as companies start to introduce the next product, and customers switch to that product. See coca dumbbell product life cycle in (Appendix 4)coca plant locoweed Company provides distinct type yielding make whoopies like ascorbic acid Zero, diet Coke, Fanta and so ontera There skilful image makes the organisation to a greater extent strong. coca plant cola Company provides well behaved persona products with reasoned taste. They ar specialized in soft and fizzy drinks. Coca Cola have realised good image in customers mind, their image is reputable and reliable, and it has cardinal of the most well-liked soft drinks for sale. They have well- agnisen which is why customers feel comfortable in acquire Coca Cola products. Coca Cola good deal market besides many different segments. Coca Cola can market their product to teenagers much easier than older race, bec ause teenagers are their tar function market. See Coca Colas committee statement in (Appendix 5).Distribution in merchandising acts greatly to attract customers convenience and organisations use rule of dissemination to see their ability. Two types of job of distribution methods are available.Distribution is underneath the group of place, therefore organisations create a precise distribution method so that its readily available to the customers and it can improve possible sales for an organisation. See Coca Cola distribution channel in (Appendix 6).The Coca Cola Company cheat its products with bottling and canning operations. The distributors get to the Coca Cola to the wholesalers and the wholesalers get it to retailers and at final the customers grease ones palms Coca Cola from retailer shop. If Coca Cola does not decease on its distribution expediencys because their nursing bottles are just accessible at their factories then customers may not be keen to get them. Its more appropriate for the customer to buy Coca Cola from a close seller as compared to getting it from factory. Therefore distribution remains of an organisation can be both its weakness and strength. Companies should know that their products are available at retailer shops and stores where customers can easily buy it. 1 of the parts in the trade cock is legal injury. This part of the 4Ps are the one making returns and which is to a fault why it is important that an organisation chooses the right price. determine is one of the most significant parts of the Coca Cola Company marketing jumble, which makes revenue for them. Coca Cola use different types of pricing strategies. The pricing strategies are standing much on what aims the company has put itself to achieve. See (Appendix 7).Owing to the accessibility of wide variety products the pricing is smash according to the market and geographic segment. Each sub- shuffle of coca cola has different pricing dodging. Their pricing s trategy is base on the competitors pricing, Pepsi is one of their competitor in soft drink industry. The Coca-Cola Company choose their pricing design area they believe will be most effective in dispensing their tell on to customer, to do this Coca-Cola use market-skimming pricing.Coca Cola Company use marketing-skimming as there is a enough number of purchasers that have a juicy supplicate, also Coca Cola sets an primary high price and then lower the price to make the product available to a extensive market. Coca Cola Company use penetration pricing strategy as they want to hold maximum share of the market by maximum profit. Coca Cola use discount pricing, where their products prices are ofttimes become down during sale periods and special occasions, like Christmas, Easter and so on Also Coca Cola use competitor pricing, where to meet the competition pricing, their products pricing are set about the same level as it competitors. forward motional activities are important eleme nt because, these activities are performed in set out to inform customers about the product and it includes personalised selling, adverting, public relations, sales promotion, impart marketing etc.An advertisement, for instance swear outs a buyer to get to know about the company and it is products, this can be done by shaft boards, banners or posters. The benefit of advertisement is that it informs people about different products and run, their utilities, cost and other requirements. The disadvantage is cost because ad is more expansive.In personal selling companies use their staffs to sell their product after face-to-face chat with the customer and seller efforts to convince a customer to purchase the product. personalized selling is one of the ways to keep good customers relationships, but this method is expensive.Here are some examples of sales promotions activities and it includes buy-one-get-one-free, bonus points, free show cards, vouchers and coupons, competitions and prize draws, etc. The advantage is that sales promotion can help companies to provide right information to customers, also it encourage repeat purchases and customer loyalty, but the advantages are that it increase price sensitivity and it is generally for a short durationPublic relations cinch an important image in promotion. It can be used to create a good image of the company for example magazines, TV or radio etc. PR is inexpensiveness of the cost, but it is hard to predict about the responses and it increase the risk. subscribe marketing is where a company selling their products directly to people such as fliers or street advertising. It allows targeting specific customer and it can be measureable, but it is difficult to get it is direct impact and it can be quite expansive.Coca Cola use different methods of advertisement and the company spends a lot in order to be seen on billboards, radio, magazines, television, and on the internet. The Coca cola Company uses advertisi ng as its key witnesser of increasing buyer consciousness. It mostly uses the television this source allows the companys products to attract more customers.Coca Cola uses the radio as another method of advertisement and this is a cheaper then TV. They use personal selling, where the company train their sales staffs, which they preform as a representative of the company to the shops. Newspapers and magazines are other forms of advertising that is extensively used by Coca Cola.Moreover, Posters, signs and billboards are also broadly used as an important part of the Coca Cola promotion. Coca Cola billboards are normally placed at the urban center centres and their posters are usually displayed at the shops, public transport and restaurants like McDonalds, KFC, etc.In addition, Internet is another method where different forms of Coca-Cola advertisements are placed. Specially, the brand online advertisement is assumed through the wide use of banners, on-site sponsorships and some(pren ominal) other formats of online advertisements.Marketing mix has three additional elements citizenry, Process and corporeal EvidencePeople are one of the elements of service marketing mix. People define a service. This mentions to the people who are in straight connectedness with the customer such as staff. One of the important parts in selling a product is the companys staff because most customers rely on a decent service before purchasing a product. For example, the employees in Coca Cola Company have a standard uniform. The companies perpetually focus on friendly and quick service to its customers from their staffs. The sour of the product is essential in marketing. This determines the capability of the product to supply the demand of the consumers.The process at Coca Cola Company is hidden and it is not plain to the customers. Coca Cola has two types of processes which is involves bottling and labelling solutions. The most important stage that Coca Cola consider is control of the company to get products at the concord time and good quality, and the last step they consider is, the selling of swallow for target customers of distributors.Physical demonstration is an important element of marketing mix where customers will base their decisions based on the service which in tactual. Companies physical evidence is supported by signs, symbols and artefacts of the business itself. Examples of this would be the signage in Coca Cola which reassures the customer through branding.Coca Cola Company is focusing on target market when it markets a product it mainly consider on demographic and physiographic segmentations where demographic segment before it markets it identify the consumer groups in age, sex, education, race, and occupation, and in physiographic it divides the market into different levels as lower screen out, middle class, and upper class to identify their customers. Coca Cola segments different ages. The company focus on whole population in the wo rld, but young generation is the target marketed of the company. Also Coca Cola segments different income levels by packing, where for small income people they has returnable glass bottle, for middle people they has small non returnable bottle and for rich and higher income people, the company has Coca Cola tin.Marketing mix for Diet CokeCoca Cola developed a new product. This product is a diet drink by the name of Diet Coke. They have designed the marketing mix of product which is detail in belowProduct Diet Coke is a very fair and tasty diet drink and provide energetic feel with good taste. Diet Coke is available in different sizes of which start from This drink is mainly for thePrice Price of Diet Coke is very fitting as compared to its main competitors.Place placement has an important role to play in the products success and failure. That is why the company makes sure that the Diet Coke is place in such a way in market that its in reach of every customer. They have very strong distribution channel and their product is available on maximum stores in the city.Promotion For a product of such high standards like Diet Coke it requires good promotional activities. For this purpose the Coca Cola Company have chosen following promotional tools for advertisement the company have use different types of media like television, newspaper, magazines, internet and radio.There are some characteristics to a service such as lack of ownership, intangibility and inseparability. Each of these taken into account when marketing a service, see (Appendix 8). A product is something which is veridical where as a service is intangible. A product is much easier than the service because after marketing and selling a product there is something tangible to be seen by the customers for they are satisf activity but in services they cannot because its intangible. On the whole, the marketing of product is focused on 4Ps in marketing mix i.e. product, price, place, and promotion.The Coca Cola Company consider on their customers demand in order to find out a product that can respond the market demand. First of all, Coca Cola Company focuses on the strength as well as eliminates the weaknesses of marketed products in order to improve products to meet customers demand as much as possible. Secondly, they focus on the pricing factor in product marketing because the price must be set to match with the buying authority of target customers. Thirdly, the Coca Cola focus on place because place of product marketing refers to distribution channels to deliver and sell the product to customers. Finally, they create parent the product in order to convince customers and inspire the sale in a short term.On the other hand, a service is the action that provide for customers. The service marketing is generally use 7Ps which is extended from 4Ps by including people, process and physical evidence. It is important for any business to employ desirable staffs or people. Employing and trai ning of staffs have good impact that is why the Coca Cola Company gives training to their staffs because most of customers will judge the quality of their service from staffs. Therefore, Coca Cola employ staffs that have good and interpersonal skills.ConclusionThe essay shows that marketing mix (4Ps and 7Ps) is a very important part of creating marketing strategy, also it is crucial for a company to use their marketing concept successfully. The Coca Cola Company develops their product or service to meet the customers needs and wants then they seem into determining how their consumer sacking to receive the product and they consider direct or indirect channels of distribution. The Coca Cola Company will decide a price for their products that ensures a profit. Finally, they promote their product by using different advertising methods to attract customers.

Challenges Wal Mart Faces Expanding To China Management Essay

Challenges Wal Mart Faces Expanding To mainland china Management EssayBusiness operations across national borders atomic number 18 becoming the trend in the real era. And this trend continuously grows because of globularization and multinational operation. In response to this sphericisation issue, multinational corporations like Wal-Mart tend operate in new(prenominal) countries to support excellent advantage. According to Amponsah (2001) globalisation and the eagerness of a certain line of credit organisation to operate across borders involves two dimension i.e. change in economic operations of various countries, and change in the neighborhoodicipants of global economic operations. Numerous numbers of populate believe that the globalisation of economic activities of all inelegant would hasten the fight against poverty (Macarov 2003, p. 103).But like other companies that are operating in local scale, Wal-Mart a multinational company also faces discordent opportunities and challenges in the abroad securities industry. With this, this paper will be discussing the opportunities and challenges that Wal-Mart faces in venturing the Chinese territory.OpportunitiesA calling venturing to a foreign merchandise creates proper opportunities. As for Wal-Mart venturing in chinaware, a new foreign market like mainland china might provide opportunities for new growth. Aside from this, Wal-Mart uses global expansion to busteder costs of goods, accelerate speed to market, improve tonus of products and of course to get by their over mountain pass costs considering that China is a low cost soil whereas the labour is cheap compared to other countries in the watt (Walmartstores, 2010). The reason nigh MNCs are extending their business through other nations was to cut costs. Basically, this is a good opportunity for MNCs like Wal-Mart because of the cheap labour that exploitation countries offer. Like other MNCs, Wal-Mart can limit costs by move some o r all of its production facilities overseas. Although Wal-Mart are not claiming that they victimization the opportunity of global expansion to flee away from the protectionist rules of an importing nation, it is mud the motives of most MNCs. Basically, a corporation like Wal-Mart can evade graduate(prenominal) tariffs that thwart its goods from being competitively priced as they consider foreign commit enthronization. For instance, when the European Common Market put tariffs on stuffs created by outsiders, U.S. corporations took bring through by putting up European partners (Multinational Corporation 1998). Venturing in China is also a good opportunity for Wal-Mart to prevent competition considering that one and only(a) of the effective ways of avoiding actual or impending rivalry from foreign firms is to acquire those (Multinational Corporation 1998).Despite of the opportunistic feat of global expansion, Wal-Mart holds that they issue jobs, build prosperity, and develop equi pments in nations that are in dreadful indispensableness of such growth.ChallengesCulturesMaddox (1993) asserts that business that plans to compete in global market call for development of administrative talents learned at the piazza office to earmark the administrators to do their job in a cross- glossiness environment. Companies that are going global must be aware of the methods of choosing and coaching managers to become well customary to diverse environment, chiefly in the environment of the country in which they are assigned. For Wal-Mart case, their Board of Directors should consider the political, economical, and religious factors emerging in China. Aside wee this, this should also consider the cheer systems and the references frame of Chinese consumers concerning the products and services that they offer. This whitethorn posed significant challenges in their spreading out to China. Thus, the similar facets value the touch of the administrators of Wal-Mart who will be put at their division in China. The Chinese lifestyle, culture and environment was far away different from Wal-Marts home country i.e. USA and other wolframern countries in which they manages.In evaluating the culture of China as part of Wal-Marts business operation, Hofstedes dimensions culture was used. Actually, Geert Hofstede is a Dutch organisational anthropologist who divided culture into four dimensions. According to Dahl, (2004), the culture can be divided to power outdo, collectivism/ individualism, femininity/masculinity, and suspense avoidance. It is important to be aware and comprehend these ethnical dimensions for these perplex an influence on the essential and impertinent deviseings of organizations that operate on an intercultural level.Power Distance. Power distance is described as the amount to which the less powerful members of associations and administrations within a country expect and recognize that power is disseminated unevenly (Hofstede 1991, p. 28) m ore(prenominal) simply, it is come to with how equal, or unequal, the people are in a specific parliamentary procedure or nation. In China, they find high power distance i.e. 80 PDI, this means that there is significant amount of inequalities in power and riches within China. As a result, it is quite likely that that association calls a caste system and does not permit significant development for its people (Geert Hofstede cultural dimensions 2010).In the corporate-oriented context, firms with a high power distance employ a tall organizational structure because there is neater and higher(prenominal) rigidity in terms of hierarchy. Also, there is a large counterweight of managerial employees to the overall human resource population, high job rank for white-collar fit, large compensation differentials, and low requirements for entry-level positions (Earley, 1997, p. 147).Individualism versus Collectivism. Individualism is how a society sees accomplishment and personal connect ions, may it be independently or as a group. Furthermore, according to Hofstede (1991), individualism is a set of value that concern the relationship of a person to his or her collectivity in the society (as cited in Earley, 1997, p. 144). In China, the individualism was low i.e. 20 IDV which indicates that China is a nation with low individualism and has a collective nature wherein keep mum bonds exist among the people (Geert Hofstede cultural dimensions 2010). Moreover, collectivistic people also comprehend themselves in relation a societal and cultural context. This is a great challenge for Wal-Mart considering that their mother country United States has high collectivism as can be observed through the nature of their families. People who lodge in such locations live in nuclear families, as hold to highly collective Asian individuals who normally live with members of their extended families. manlyness versus Femininity. This dimension is about gender differentiation, or n par ticular, the amount of how a society relates the conventional view of man as a contour of achievement, power, and influence. In countries with high masculinity, men manage the most important part of the neighborly order and influence composition, era females are checkled due to male domination (Geert Hofstede cultural dimensions 2010). In China, they have high masculinity i.e. 66 MAS. Actually this is important for Wal-marts operation since it relates to achievement, industrial strife, high growth, aggression, work stress, and conflict. To be more specific, firms that are more masculine are fast-paced, aggressive, and focus more on development and growth over harmony and stability (Earley, 1997). On the other hand, a feminine-oriented company is more concerned on the social interaction and operations among human resources. Furthermore, such organisation has an understanding and nurturing character, which indicates that the perfume is on interpersonal execution and synchronizati on over own interest (Earley, 1997). For this reason, the wellbeing of the members is the primary apprehension since the main outcome of this is about the firms ability to institute the potential of an individual as part of interpersonal good in the group.Uncertainty Avoidance. According to Hofstede, the degree to which the affiliates of a group generate jeopardy by doubtful or unidentified environment is called uncertainty avoidance. As seen in the index, China has low uncertainty avoidance which indicates that the country was less rigid when it comes to change, could handle risks, and have less rules and regulations, since they could effectively outwear diverse opinions (Geert Hofstede cultural dimensions 2010).For Wal-Mart, uncertainty may come from the internal and external environment. An organizations response to such ambiguities, through the use of rules, rituals, and technology, affects its image of high or low uncertainty avoidance. This could be a great challenge for Wa l-Mart since China wont easily embrace the change they would bring in the country.A Fifth Cultural Dimension. After additional studies which were mainly focused on Chinese managers and workers, Hofstede introduced a fifth cultural dimension, which is the long-term orientation. This focuses on how nations apply, or do not apply, long-term devotion to conventional, forward hypothesizeing principles (Geert Hofstede cultural dimensions 2010). Countries with high levels of long-term orientation recommend a strong work ethics and anticipate long-term rewards as a consequence of todays touchy work. Thus, long-term commitments are emphasized and traditions are respected (Geert Hofstede cultural dimensions 2010). This is a great challenge for Wal-Mart since they came from countries with low levels of long-term orientation that are unfastened to experience change because long-term customs and behaviours are lessened, and change is no longer hindered.PoliticalWhen it comes to political fact or, the main disparity in the markets of West and China is the so-called orientation. As seen, most of the west nations are flush(p) while the China are practicing the Soviet Union economic system in which their economic practices are normally mandated by their government. Basically, the local officials of China have great control even though the market is operational to foreign investors. As reported in Economy of China (2010), it was argued that Chinese firms should have at least 51% ownership and joint ventures control with foreign investors. Ramsay (2003) stated that it normally takes 2 to 3 months for business modification in China because their governments are putting up restrictions concerning foreign investment (p. 8). The difference in the economic orientation of China and Wal-Marts home country USA poses certain challenges to the leaders of said company. Actually, the said leaders are more familiar in the USA free market in which the investors, producers and consumers are free to transact their business and they also have the capablities to instruct the currents stance of their economic activities. Secondly, Chinas transitional economy. According to Alon Shenker (2003) since the mid-1970s there are legion(predicate) planetary opportunities in China that heighted the growth of foreign investment and international joint venture. But despite of these opportunities, emerging problems also arises to MNCs whereas their mangers experience conflicts with Chinese managers. Because of cultural diversity Wal-Marts western manager will experience coppice against Chinese managers. As an American, Wal-Marts managers believe that future conditions can be embodied into the ready matrix which serves up as an investigative sculpt to head decision making procedures. With respect to these diversities, the Western managers that are positioned in China may face differing management approaches with their Chinese contemporaries. Thirdly, USA and China differ in r eligious beliefs (Christianity-Protestantism 2010). Chinese are more philosophical and think that humans must track their fate by living in harmony with the human race and practicing social traditionalism (Religion in China 2001). Therefore, Western members would consummate their functions based on their own decisions and choices while their Chinese equivalents would constantly try to stand by the regulations and search for outlooks of other members as they are more prone to look for traditionalism. These differences in idea of liberty would make the leaders of Wal-Mart consider the outcomes and motivations of their manpower. Western members would be stimulated to do well if they are given adequate liberty at work while Chinese members may rather work in groups and have way in to continuous control. Alon Shenker (2003) argued that the value of personal relationships with subordinates and supervisors is important simply organizational chain of command should not dictate their rel ationships. Aside from this, the heads should have to be familiar with that the Chinese culture consigns much admiration to heads while Western natives have a preference to work alone most of the times.ConclusionThe finest method to gauge triumph in international market is in the course of unvarying supervision and constant monitoring of the head office. With the said practice, the head office can determine the current shape of the business in the foreign land. With this, Wal-Mart must be able to execute constant monitoring gauges in their operations and the performances of the employees and managers sent to China. As seen in usual cases, the failure of business venture may result in lost prospects, trimmed down production, and smashed up relationships while business venture success implies the achievement of the differing.

Death Is A Natural Process

expiration Is A ingrained ProcessAbstract finale is a natural military operation undergo by every being. Yet, rules of orders stance towards finale and end has be fool out cardinal of forethought and avoidance. The intention of this essay was to consider factors that account for the gradual slip-up in complaisant lores of oddment. The exploration of historic develops of demolition identified the bear on surrounded by an augmentd aw atomic number 18ness and fear of finalrate, with the impact of checkup examinationisation. It acknowledges how the radical modifyments inside health complaint excite margined indian lodges exposure to remnant by trim back the number of premature dyings. Adaptations to the c ar of the dying be in like manner associated with the prevalence of the medical profession and the decline of religious influence. The essay steeplights sociological concerns all over the isolation of the dying, particularly when cargon training i s confined indoors the infirmary environment, causing demolition to be hidden from clubhouse. The diverse rituals and traditions demonstrated by a variety of subtletys were proved, along with the contrast in inhumation rites between the companionable classes. The psychological impact of remainder disputeed the potential difference of creating a regular fear of dying, through childhood favorableisation of end and grief.Removal of such(prenominal) fear and misconception is associated with the vision of alleviatory get by. Evaluation of its strategy identified its go to improve quality of life by promoting informed choice and unhurried focaliseed c are. It also acknowledge the limitations of its resources and the restriction of serve to specific conditions. The orgasm of all factors verbalised inside the essay is computer memoryamental to the changes in fond attitudes. An increased conscious(predicate)ness of mortality and the want to prolong life wheresoev er possible has contri notwithstandinged to a fear and denial of death. Overall, social perceptions of death and dying are submitive to pagan diversity and are conciliateive to the dynamics of society.In this world nothing rear end be said to be authorized, except death and taxes (Franklin, 1789, cited in The Phrase Finder, 2013).The words of Benjamin Franklin think the reality of deaths undeniable business office in natural existence. Yet, the subject of death is much widely associated with pathologicity than a universal biological work. precedent to the 19th deoxycytidine monophosphate, very unretentive research or literature puzzle such a taboo subject. This essay go out explore changes in social attitudes to death and dying, with particular focus on changes in historical patterns, rituals and traditions and the progression of the hospice movement. Pre-modern society was well acquainted with death the level offt, though tragic, was encountered with little surprise or overwhelming fear. The historical perspectives of death will epitome the contrast between such awareness and acceptance of mortality during the nerve center Ages, to modern societys focus on maintainion and cure.The rituals and traditions surrounding death will consider the inhumation rites associated with social and stinting status and dumbfound the symbolic interpretations of diverse cultures within society. The sociological impact of death will quantify the social disruptions caused by grief, and the decreed social go aways of death that leave to offset within society.Additional psychoanalysis of the press in attitudes towards death will discuss the notion that society is graduating towards further denial of death. It will examine the medias portrayal of death in society, along with the desire to control and prevent death through medical perception and engine room. A brief revaluation of the psychological perspective of dying will equal to socially constructe d attitudes to grieving. In particular, parental socialisation and childhood experiences of grief that contributes to a perpetuated fear of death.Finally, inquiry of the research into the growth of the hospice movement will reveal the history seat its evolution and review the pioneering work of Dame Cicely Saunders. Critical analysis of lenitive fretfulness will attempt to identify limitations of the service, along with the efforts by mitigatory care councils and charities, to ex ply services and prevent social exclusions. These services, when implemented effectively, report the potential to change societys perception of death and the dying fulfil.Historically, the find of death in western societies has clipd signifi housetly over the fail hardly a(prenominal) centuries. Improvements within childcare, education and the discovery of antibiotics, has limited societys experience of infant mortality and contributed to an overall increased life foretaste. Premature death of c hildren under the epoch of five was just 5% between 1990 and 2010, in comparison to the thousands that failed to prosper during the Middle Ages, due to poverty and complaints such as tuberculosis and the discolor Death (WHO, 2012, p19).Chronic and terminal illnesses such as cancers, cardiovascular disorders and respiratory diseases account for the majority of deaths among the diaphragm aged in contemporary society. The junior generation tends to be associated with deaths resulting from suicide, Aids and illnesses related to drug and alcohol ridicule (Taylor and Field, 2003, p156). Medical technology has contributed to the eradication of numerous diseases within western countries but it is yet to take effect on a world(prenominal) level. Populations within Africa continue to be affected by cholera, leprosy and malaria. Survival order are low due to extremes of poverty, unsanitary living conditions and limited approaching to medical treatment (WHO, 2012, p94).Death and dise ase was encountered during the Middle Ages with such regularity, it became slight feared. historiographer Aris (1974, p7), referred to death in this era as tamed death. Death was experience on a communal level as friends, family and even children visited the dying on their sick bed, with no theatrics, with no salient verbalise of emotion, (Aris, 1974, p13). Religious influence was prominent during the 11th and 12th century and great vehemence was rigid on the judgment of the individual on the last day of their life. A strong allegiance with church was believed to determine resurrection. Thus, the process of Ones own death, (Aris, 1974, p36) became much personal, indicating a great awareness of existence and mortality.The eighteenth century witnessed the most significant change in social attitude towards death. Thy death, as describe by Aris (1974, p66), intensified the emotional tantrum of separation. This lead to more pronounced displays of grief through a greater fear of neediness. The emotional impact of death contributed to a new desire to observe the prognosis of death and relocate the dying to the infirmary environment. Aris (1974, pp86-89), refers to this as the Forbidden death as traditional rituals of death were disposed and replaced by clinical practices of the medical profession. The religious figures office of overseeing the death process was relinquished to the physicians.Sociologists such as Elias (1985, cited in Giddens, 2009, pp320-321), acknowledge that medicalisation has enabled greater solicitude of emblem and pain control. However, in doing so, the dying are pushed behind unappealing doors through a social need to civilise the death process. He urges the promise of death free from pain and distress whitethorn come at the emotional expense of patients as dying in hospital is both isolating and lonely. Caring for the terminally ill in hospitals became the cultural norm and was the site of approximately three quarters of all deaths by the 1950s. Ironically, many elderly people are more fearful of the institutionalisation of hospitals and care for homes than death it self. They feel a wrong of identity when outside from social circles and loved ones, to an unfamiliar environment where care is provided by strangers (Kearl, ND).Conversely, many sociologists argue that medicalisation of death has established positive social functions. Kellehear (2000, cited in Howarth, 2007, p135) maintains that good death is subject to a degree of social linguistic rule, reliant on the collaborationism of the patient, their family and the medical profession. He claims that if the responsibility of care is placed in medical hands, the patient and their family can be proactive with preparations and the organisation of personal matters. He argues, in certain tidy sum the patient may continue to work, promoting self -worth and a valued contribution to society.Continuation of social use of goods and servicess is certifi ed on the nature and progression of the condition. Illnesses that cause a gradual decline in health and an anticipated death, arguably, score little impact on society. fast and premature deaths can evoke more intense reactions within society and require lengthier periods of readjustment (Clark and Seymour, 1999, p11). Diseases such as AIDS can displume negative societal judgment, causing sufferers to withdraw from social interaction. They may experience a loss of identity to the disease and choose to keep the steel hidden from social view (Moon and Gillespie, 1995, p89).Deaths caused by AIDS and suicide tend to receive slight empathy due to the perception of personal responsibility. Yet, some cultures in Japan view suicide as an honourable act with no attachment of religious punishment. The high rates of suicide among Japanese women over the age of 75 are thought to relieve the burden of care and responsibility from loved ones. Although suicide is still perceived negatively by Western societies it does not theorise such extreme attitudes of the Middle Ages. The historical shame attached to suicidal death led to the denial of tight-laced burial rites. Suicide victims were often buried in the same path as criminals and the poor of society, in unnoted graves and ditches (Howarth, 2007, p65).Burial within the confines of the church was the privilege of the wealthy. Those of high social status endeavoured to potent a burial plot under the flagstones, or within the walls of the church, believe this increased their chance of resurrection (Aris, 1974, p18). The poor did not qualify for such opportunities. Their burial was of little significance to the churches entrusted with the care of the lifeless. The poor were buried in either, unmarked graves or rangy communal ditches. As the pits became piled high with the deceased, cured ditches were re-opened and the remaining bones were removed (Aris, 1974, pp18-22). This was common practice until the 18th centu ry when concerns were raised over the escape of respect shown towards the remains of the deceased. Tombs were introduced to accommodate the dead and reduce the risk of disease from the foul smelling ditches (Aris, 1974, p70).The evolution of job as a value profession and business replaced the primitive role adopted by carpenters and grave diggers. The do itment of death and burial came at a high price as funeral processions developed into a spectacle of wealth and social status. Little consideration was given to the poor, who, in extreme circumstances would store bodies of their loved ones until able to pay the funeral be. The poor were also at the mercy of thieves involved in stealing recently expired corpses and marketing them to the medical profession for analysis. They could not afford to pay for reinforced coffins or graves that offered protection within the confines of the cemetery. Such was the stigma of a paupers burial, people began to take out burial insurance and of ten went without nutrient to maintain contributions to their policy (Howarth, pp222-242).The change magnitude cost and unsanitary nature of burial motivate an influential figure, Sir Henry Thompson, surgeon to Queen Victoria, to propose an preference method of dealing with deceased. In 1874 he founded the Cremation Society of England and began the lengthy effort for the legalisation of cremation. Despite continued opposition from the Home Office, it was eventually pronounced legal in 1884 during the trial of Dr William Price in a federation Glamorgan courtroom. Price was an 83 year old man who was arrested for attempting to cremate the eubstance of his five month old son. The judge, Mr Justice Stephen, declared cremation would be permitted as long as the process did not impact negatively on others. This gave rise to the construction of crematoriums and the realisation of the cremation movement on a global scale. During the 19th century The Cremation Society of England became T he Cremation Society, forcing the Home Office to recognise this as a legal alternative to burial and issue cremation regulations that remain present to date. The Roman Catholic faith was also forced to acknowledge the shift in unexclusive opinion towards cremation. This led to the Pope lifting the ban that previously forbade catholic priests from conducting services in crematoriums (Cremation Society of great Britain, 1974).Although cremation has accommodate more and more popular in contemporary society, many continue to uphold the traditional ritual of burial. The expansion of cemeteries within closemouthed proximity of museums and parks has created more accessible environments and a society inclusive of the deceased (Kearl ND). Decorative memorial statues and headstones are more prevalently adorned by floral displays and traditional blush wreaths, symbolising continuity and eternity.Symbolism associated with the rites of passage reflects the varied cultural traditions withi n society. Colour is a universal symbol of death and grief, yet in that respect are such variations of colour worn by different cultures. cutting has been the traditional colour to mark the period of lamentation within Britain. A torn black ribbon worn on clothing is also significant to Jewish culture and is worn for the first seven years of their mourning period. Conversely, white is worn by Sikh, Buddhist and some Hindi cultures, symbolising purity and eternal life. (Everplans, ND). Mourning periods are also subject to cultural diversity and social regulation, as normal routines and social interactions adapt to the beliefs and traditions of the individual.The sociological impact of death and its associated mourning period are socially disruptive on a variety of levels. From a functionalist perspective, the societal roles of those close to the deceased may be compromised by extensive grieving periods that can negatively impact upon the equilibrium of society. Whilst the customa ry ritual of mourning is acknowledged by society, there is a limit to its tolerance. There is an vestigial emergency for the individuals to resume their roles and re-integrate with their social groups (Howarth, 2007, p235). The depth of disruption to social order is dependent on the number and circumstances of death and the re-distribution of roles within social groups. Historically, the set up of the Black Death on the working class connection were experienced on a far greater scale through the loss of so many lives. Yet, the social groups of the upper class were able to function to some degree. They utilised their wealth and status, retreating to sanctuaries to protect themselves, whilst continuing their positions and roles from a dependable distance. Re- brass of roles is essential, not altogether to maintain societys dexterity to function, but also to limit the pecuniary cost of death (Kearl, ND).As Marx (1964, pp71-73) argued, a capitalistic society has little sympathy for the workers, who, in their attempts to see the quests of the ruling class drop themselves at greater risk of death. The focus remains on the potential disruption to work and its threat to capitalism. Working hours lost to grief and mourning reduces production and profits. Death also provides opportunities for financial gain within a capitalist society insurance policies, funeral and burial costs undoubtedly contribute to capitalist economic wealth.Social mechanisms have evolved throughout history to reduce the disruption of death to society. During the Middle Ages, when childhood mortality was commonplace, people were socialise to refrain from forming a deep attachment to their children. legion(predicate) did not refer to their children by their names until they reached a certain age, as survival of the fittest rates were low. Women often gave birth many times to increase the likelihood of the survival of at least one child. Through the effects of medicalisation, premature deaths have been significantly reduced. Medical institutions have increased the promotion of health awareness to minimise the risk of death and its disruption to society. Death itself has become less visible as social systems of modern society have contributed to the institutionalisation of the dying. Funeral arrangements have become a more discrete process through military commission of matters to businesses specialise in the management of death (Kearl, ND).Death, though disruptive, has evident positive social functions. Societys rules of succession allow the social roles of the deceased to be surrendered to family members or the wider fellowship, creating the potential of social mobility. Death also functions to control an ever increasing population, whilst its fear induces a greater level of social control and concurrence (Kearl, ND). An increased awareness of mortality can promote reflection on the values of a society. When death is experienced on a large scale, communities demonstrate a collective approach to morals and values. Social bonds are formed as they attempt to cope with tragic circumstances and are united in grief (Howarth, 2007, p112).Tragedies and natural disasters that lead to mass death receive extensive global media coverage. Televised news reports provide visual access to scenes such as the gunfire during the Gulf War and the terrorist attacks on the earthly concern Trade Center. Despite the morbid aspect of death, television shows such as ER, Six Feet Under and House, depict scenes of death and dying that have become a part of popular culture. Film productions incorporating death as the underlying theme are presented crossways a variety of genres such as westerns, horrors and comedy. References to death do not escape the music industry, expressly within the lyrics of rap and heavy metal songs. The description of violent acts, coupled with the murders of well-known(a) musicians within the rap culture, no doubt contribute to the dark and morbid image of death (Durkin, 2003, p44). Sensationalising media reports on the deaths of public figures and celebrities heighten the curiosity of the public and instigate outpouring displays of grief. The term dark tourism outlined by Marchant and Middleton (2007, p2) highlights the increasing phenomenon of visiting scenes of tragic death like the Nazi assimilation camps and Ground Zero. It suggests that such behaviour may not simply go by out of grief and sympathy, rather, curiosity and a desire to connect with the event. Fundamentally, the trace is that society may be more open to face death than deny or hide from it.Contemporary western societies have been described by some sociologists as death denying, a result of the medicalisation of death. The dynamics of society have become rivet on finding cures for illness, disease and the prevention of death wherever possible. Advancements within the medical and pharmaceutical field have make significant progress in prolonging life. However, the involvement of such specialised medical technology is often limited to clinical environments. Arguably, this contributes to social isolation of the sick. The invisibility of death not only shields the death process, it protects the family members and social groups within society. If medical technologies and tools were not utilised in the management of death, it may be deemed as a capitalist attempt to limit costs within health care provision. Many social scientists argue that medicalisation has, in fact, enabled a degree of acceptance towards death. They maintain that the active scientific approach to healthcare increases the acceptance of death when it is beyond the control of science (Zimmerman and Rodin, 2004, p125).Scientific analysis and discoveries have provided western societies with a greater awareness of environmental risks. rude(a) disasters, often referred to as Acts of God, may not be controlled by science however, modern technology has increased the accuracy of predicting such events (Howarth, 2007, p77). Whilst, prediction can facilitate a greater level of preparation and reduce the risk of death, it is essentially beyond all control.The nature of death can itself be shaped by society in relation to the cultural, social and economic environment. Durkheims exploration of societal influence on death was examined during his suicide study (Appendix 1). His investigation highlighted the correlation between economic instability during periods of both imprint and prosperity and an increase in suicide rates. He maintained that societal forces were of greater influence than an individuals state of mind. The conclusions of Durkheims study were based on authorized statistics, therefore, it is reasonable to question their true reflection of society (Giddens, 2009, pp16-17). However, his argument that death is a social problem is plausible. It is societys response to death that is reflected in the queer rituals and symbolic meanings es tablished to provide a coping mechanism for death and dying (Howarth, 2007, p15).The high rate of suicide among young males is one of the more significant statistics in modern society. The common perception of the male as the provider may cause increased compress to compete successfully for social and economic resources. Failure to meet such expectations can make suicide seem like a viable solution to the problem. The oblige to maintain the masculine role and the reluctance to seek assistance is subservient to the male approach when faced with death and grief (Howarth, 2007, pp64-65).Grief is considered by some social scientists as a universal reaction to the loss of human life. Yet, the subjective nature and extent of grief can deepen between culture, social class and gender. During the late 19th century, unlike men, middle class women were encouraged to grieve openly as greater emphasis was placed on the caring and sympathetic disposition of their role. Functionalists, in thei r perception of the natural constituent of gender roles, would argue that exhibitions of male grief are a sign weakness and damaging to the masculine role (Howarth, 2007, pp223-231). precedent to medical advancements many women, particularly in the working class, died during childbirth. Husbands often remarried fleetly after the death of their spouse to re-establish the female role of housewife and mother.In modern day society, there have been numerous studies that indicate higher(prenominal) levels of mortality occur within close proximity of the death of a spouse. Objective analysis of these circumstances may identify other impart factors that have a causal link such as lack of appetite, a change in lifestyle and the increased emotional and financial stress that accompanies death and loss (Gross and Kinnison, 2007, p372). As mourning has become less of a public display within society, Aris (1974, p91) suggests that such sagacity may influence the high rates of mortality among surviving spouses. He argues that society has become less accepting of grief, causing the bereaved to withhold emotion through fear of judgement.Grief does not always imitate death, it can precede it by those facing death. Psychologist Kbler-Ross developed a framework classifying the five stages of grief Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression and Acceptance, all relating to the anticipation and process of dying (Kbler-Ross, 1970, pp34-99). Whilst these stages provide an insight and explanation to the emotions experienced, generalisations should not be made concerning the grieving process. The five stage theory (Appendix 2) is to some degree a one size fits all approach and may not reflect the multi-cultural society of today. However, there is room for variation and flexibility within each stage of the Kbler-Ross framework that may be applicable to certain cultures.Gross and Kinnison (2007, pp378-379) maintain that childhood grief is also subjective to culture and socialisation, rat her than a generalised stage process. They argue that children of modern society are often shielded from the realities of death, resulting from parental fear and denial of death. Feelings and emotions expressed by those surrounding them have the potential to shape the childs outlook and ability to contend with death. Kbler-Ross (1970, p6) argues that children who are present in an environment where death has occurred and are given the opportunity to talk rather than being removed from the environment, can share in the grieving and mourning process. Death indeed has the potential to be less feared and more accepted as a natural part of life.Nurses and medical staff involved in the care of the dying are far more exposed to all aspects of death and grief than most. Communication with dying patients and sensing the appropriate time to discuss issues of terminal illness is a underlying, yet challenging part of the role. Consequently, many healthcare professionals utilise a form of beha viour referred to by psychologists as blocking. This enables them to avoid confrontation of such issues by changing the subject and re-directing the focus onto less pessimistic issues. Although the predominant focus of medicine is to cure, the dynamics of care for terminally ill patients have progressed allowing greater emphasis to be placed on care. This has been motivated by the increasing growth of the hospice movement (Gross and Kinnison, 2007, pp377-378). development of the hospice can be traced back to the Middle Ages when its function was to provide nurse and care for the sick, elderly, orphans and the poor. The progression of medicalisation during the 19th century, led to the establishment of new hospitals that focused on the management and cure of financially profitable illnesses, such as scurvy and leg ulcers. The chronically ill and dying were deemed as inapplicable and non-profitable patients. Subsequently, medical and spiritual care was provided in sanctuaries by rel igious orders (Clark and Seymour, 1999, pp66-67).The twentieth century witnessed the greatest change in the provision of care for the terminally ill. In 1967, St. Christophers Hospice was founded by Dame Cicely Saunders. It was the first of its kind, crack management of symptom control and care alongside clinical research. Saunders trained as a nurse, a medical social worker and eventually a physician. She was motivated to work within the care of the terminally ill as the general consensus among clinicians was that little could be offered to these patients. Her pioneering work within the hospice inspired charitable organisations to fund the construction of many more hospices. St. Christophers hospice eventually panoptic its services to the wider community in 1969 (St.Christophers.org, ND).The expansion of community based care led to an increase in funding from charitable organisations for the provision of specialist cancer nurses. As the hospice movement gathered momentum, there w as an alteration in the terminology of this division of care, from terminal to palliative care. Distancing the association of terminal with imminent death aimed to shell out the misconception that patients qualifying for palliative services were at the end stages of life. Although hospices were initially reliant on charitable funds, the elevating costs of clinical treatments and increased life prevision forced many to apply for NHS state funding. The involvement of the NHS not only induced financial support but also an element of regulation (Clark and Seymour, 1999, pp74-78). The influence of government funding within hospices has generated concern among some sociologists, who fear the hospice movement is in danger of losing sight of its original vision. The focus on professionalism and quality audits has led to comparisons of hospices with large organisational institutions, guilty of routinisation (James and Field, 1992, pp1363-1375). moderating care services are difficult to me asure as the nature of the service is to manage care and symptom control rather than to cure. Palliative care focuses on the value of quality of life rather than the medical model of measuring rod of life (Appendix 2).Palliative care and the hospice movement have predominantly been associated with terminal diseases such as cancer, AIDS and motor neurone disease. Yet, there has been an increasing demand for services to be inclusive of other lesser known conditions (Seymour, 2007). Many organisations are now actively working towards the provision of services crossways a wider spectrum, through data analysis and interaction with government agencies and politicians (National Council for Palliative Care, 2012). A key issue is the limitation of available resources and funds to meet the increased demand. Support and guidance extends to the family affected by the illness, exerting further pressure on the service to adapt the delivery of care in conformation to the family structure and dy namics. Consideration of varying traditions within a multi-cultural society is fundamental to the success of the service (Becker, 2009).The demographic changes to society and increased life expectancy have intensified the expectation of services to be available for extended periods. Access to palliative care in a modern capitalist society has led to a postcode lottery. The poor of society are at greater risk of being deprived of services if they bide in damp, cold and lower quality housing, deemed an unsuitable environment for community based care (Seymour, 2007). Less affluent areas of society with a high proportion of ethnic minorities are also significantly under-represented as palliative care service users. The language barrier and lack of information is a significant issue as patients and families are not fully aware of the referral procedure. For many cultures accepting a provision of care from outside agencies removes the responsibility from the extended family (Beresford, A dshead, Croft, 2006, pp146-151).Palliative care services are not substantially accessible to the homeless of society. They are often reluctant to attend appointments in an unfamiliar environment, for fear of judgment or isolation. New initiatives such as St. Mungos Palliative Care Project, aim to tackle this issue by offering support and guidance to homeless sufferers and the professionals who work alongside them (National Council for Palliative Care, 2012). St. Christophers have also collaborated with the University of Baths Centre for Death and Society, to promote services. Through the utilisation of media resources and technology they are able to extend services to non-resident patients and prevent social exclusions (Centre for Death and Society, 2012).Professor Ilora Finlay has become a modern day pioneer of the hospice movement. Her role as the first consultant in Palliative Medicine at Cardiff University and work within parliament has led to the implementation of her palliati ve care strategy. This strategy has facilitated the enhancement of patient-focused services across Wales. Finlay is also responsible for the establishment of distance learning courses in palliative care, achieving international recognition and add to the increasing number of palliative care clinicians (Finlay, 2009, pp349-351). There is a recognised need for re-investment in palliative care to develop professional skills across a wide range of services. The benefits will not only improve patients quality of life but also reduce unnecessary NHS hospital admissions and the financial cost to the economy (Association for Palliative Medicine, 2010). Arguably, there would be less expectation of society to change its attitude towards dying, if, the focus remained on the provision of resources to prevent anxiety and facilitate a good death (Zimm

Evidence of Witness Statement

licence of Witness StatementThe express that the pursuit wants to introduce at trial is the police force disceptation made by bennie which shows that he had seen Avril dealing drugs many times. This distinguish wants to be used by the pursuit to uprise Avrils involvement with the dealing of drugs as well as her involvement with the Black and reds local gang. Before the prosecution peck summon the rise, there be a series of work outs that needs to be considered and the first-class honours degree is relevance. What atomic number 50 be regarded as relevant is something that applies to the guinea pig in point affording something to the purpose and something that is legally sufficient.1 bennies establish john be verbalise to be relevant because it does withstand to the liaison in question which is Avrils drugs discourtesy.The second circumstanceor the prosecution needs to consider before adducing bennies test is the competency and compellability of bennie. In the moment stated bennie fucking be seen to be Avrils husband which puts him nether the category of a fellow. A spouse per Glover is a person who is lawfully married to the accused at the time when he or she is called to give evidence.2 In the trouble, it was seen that Bennie and Avril had recently separated. They are clam up legally married regardless of the separation particularor. It was non stated that they were split or the marriage was annulled, wherefore Bennie still cliffs to a lower place the category of a spouse. in that location is a general ascertain which shadow be found in s53(1) of the jejuneness justice and sinful cause present (YJCEA) 19993 that all experiencees are presumed to be competent4. In the application of this prescript there is a presumption that Bennie is a competent witness for the prosecution.In regards to compellability, a spouse is generally not compellable for the prosecution unless the exceptions that are set out in s80(3) of the g uard and pitiful read deed ( pace) 19845 are met. Relating the exceptions listed out in s80(3) of yard 19846 to the fall out, the type of offensive activity that Avril is world superaerated with are drugs law-breakings and as such Bennie does not fall beneath any of the exceptions which make him a non-compellable witness to the prosecution. It has been established that Bennie is a non-compellable witness which inwardness he is not legally induce to give evidence merely has the choice to do so. This shows that he foot choose to raise in court, however the prosecution can entertain Bennies police account as evidence by a indirect exception which can be found in the sinful justice Act (CJA) 2003. The human face of R v L 20097 can be used in regards to this reappearance. In this case the Witness who was a spouse could not be compelled to testify against her husband however a pre-trial statement which was a police statement was recognizeted as an exception to the hearsay rule8. correspond to LT choo hearsay evidence is an out of court statement that is universe advanced in court as evidence of the matter stated in the statement.9 indirect evidence is generally in admittible unless it falls to a lower place the exceptions in CJA 200310. For the evidence to be allowable under the witness unavailability exception expire conditions must be met which can be found in member 116 (1)(a) (1)(c) CJA 2003. It is important to note that S116(1)(c) shows that hearsay evidence can be admittible if it satisfies any of the five conditions stated in subsection 211. One of the conditions that is shown in subsection (2)(e) of the CJA 2003 relates to dread of a witness. In transaction to the young, Bennie refuses to testify in court and leading up to his refusal it was seen that he had a injure to his face. An assumption can be made that he is refusing to testify because of fear and as such the prosecution can adduce Bennies evidence under s116 as a hearsay exception provided all the conditions are satisfied. early(a) than the hearsay exception, the part for Bennie could as well make an application for a special measure direction (SMD). Bennie refuses to testify and has a contuse to the face. This brings about an assumption of fear which makes him a unguarded witness and vulnerable witnesses can make applications for SMDs. There are terzetto stand fors in which SMDs can be granted. The first stage is looking at the eligibility of the witness which can be found in s16 17 YJCEA 199912. The second and deuce-ace stage can be found in s19(2)(a) and (b) YJCEA 1999. Looking at Bennie he could be eligible for an SMD on the grounds of fear or distress about testifying13 which falls under s17 YJCEA 199914. If the courts are satisfied that Bennie meets all the stages, the application allow be successful and Bennie will be able to testify through an SMD. SMDs that are available to Bennie are screening15 which is stated in s23 YJ CEA 1999 or ikon recorded evidence in chief16 which is shown in s27(1) (3) YJCEA 1999.In conclusion, Bennie is a competent and a non-compellable witness and as such he has no legal covenant to testify in court. However, the prosecution can pass Bennies police statement through the hearsay exception of witness unavailability if he can satisfy all the conditions set out in the readying.B.The evidence that the prosecution wants to adduce are Avrils two forward convictions for thievery and two prior convictions for drugs offences involving self-command of marijuana with intent to supply. The prosecution wishes to use this evidence to prove that Avril impartted the drugs offences she is being charged with. The evidential issue that this raises is bad point of reference evidence. Bad character is delineate is s98 of the Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003. The severalize factors of the description are evidence of, or a disposition towards mismanage on his part, other than evidenc e which (a) has to do with the asseverate facts of the offence charged (b) is evidence of misconduct in connection with the investigation or prosecution of that offence.17 In assessing the two previous convictions of stealing for Avril the evidence has nothing to do with the alleged facts of the current offence that is being charged. The previous offence and the alleged facts are not so closely connected as defined in the case of R v Tirnaveanu 200718. Also, it is not in relations to the investigation or prosecution of that particular offence19 which is the drugs offences. This shows that her two previous convictions for theft is a bad character evidence which can be admitted through one of the entres under s101(1)(a) (g) CJA 2003 and expanded on in s102-106 CJA 2003. The first gateway that should always be used is gateway D which can be found under s103 CJA 2003. Gateway D is the relevance to important issue amidst the defendant and the prosecution20. The prosecutions evidenc e of a defendants bad character is admissible based on its relevance to an important matter in issue between the defendant and the prosecution21. An important matter means a matter of substantial importance in the context of the case as a whole22 as defined in s112 CJA 2003.Section 103(1)(a) is in regards to propensity to commove the offences of the smorgasbord that the defendant is being charged with. In the application of this provision to Avrils previous convictions for theft it could be state that she does prolong propensity for theft exclusively the crime of her previous convictions are not relevant to the matter in issue because they fall under different categories of offences. A case that relates well to s103(1)(a) is Hanson (Gilmore) 2005 23. The defendant was charged with theft of goods from a shed, and he had three previous convictions for shoplifting which were admitted on grounds for showing propensity24 the offences were similar.Section 103(1)(b) alike does not app ly to her previous convictions because the provision refers to the propensity to be dishonorable which has no obvious similarity to her previous convictions. Therefore, the bad character evidence cannot be admitted through gateway D. If this cannot be admitted through gateway D then Gateway C can be looked at which is under s101(1)(c) CJA 2003. Gateway C is the important explanatory evidence25. This gateway reflects the common-law rule which permits background or explanatory material where the account otherwise to be placed before the court would be incomplete and incomprehensible.26 This simply means in order for the jury to better understand the facts in issue the background evidence should be allowed. A case that refers to this is Phillips 2003 27. In Phillips28, the evidence of the defendants previous threats to kill his wife when he was on trial for her take were admissible as background evidence29.Referring to Avril, her previous convictions for theft cannot be allowed as ba ckground evidence to the drugs offences because they fall under different categories. Therefore, her previous convictions for theft is inadmissible under the gateway D and C.It was seen that she also had two previous convictions involving possession of marijuana and intent to supply. Her two previous convictions for drugs offences was seen to be make in the year 2011 and 2014. Her previous convictions ingest nothing to do with the offence charged. Firstly, the evidence is relevant. The previous offence and the current offence is not so closely connected because there is quite a gap between the years of her previous offence and the current offence no connection in time. It is also not an evidence of misconduct relating to the investigation or the prosecution of the offence, therefore it is a bad character evidence. Going through gateway D her previous convictions involving drugs offences show propensity to commit the kind of offence charged.30 The test for propensity was establishe d in R v Hanson.31Where the propensity to commit the offence is relied upon there are three questions to be considered. (i) Does the recital of conviction(s) establish a propensity to commit offences of the kind charged? (ii) Does that propensity make it more likely that the defendant committed the offence charged? (iii) Is it unjust to rely on the conviction(s) of the same description or category and, in any event, will the proceedings be unsporting if they are admitted?32Relating this to Avrils two previous convictions for possession of marijuana with intent to supply, her history of her past convictions does show a propensity to commit the kind of offence charged. This is because in 2011 she was convicted for drugs offences as well as in 2014 for the same crime. Avril being in possession of marijuana and intent to supply has a unfaltering similar link to her drugs offence that she is currently being charged with. It can be said that her propensity makes it more likely that she did commit the offence charged because they all share similar features which means there is a strong MO link. Similar features such as the type of offence, the possession of illegal drugs and intent to supply. It will be just to rely on her previous convictions because it shows a high possibility of reoffending based on her propensity. Avrils previous convictions meet all the Hanson criteria which means her previous convictions shows a propensity for her to commit the kind of offence charged therefore gateway D is applied.In conclusion, Avrils previous conviction for theft is bad character evidence simply it could meet the threshold for gateway D and C which shows the evidence to be inadmissible. Nonetheless, her previous convictions for drugs offences met the criteria for gateway D which means it can be admitted as bad character evidence for the prosecution.C.The evidence is Avrils vindication and the prosecution wants to adduce this evidence to prove that she committed the drug s offence that she is being charged with. The evidence is relevant because it is in relations to the issue and the drugs offence charged. The evidential issue that this raises is the admissibility of confession. Section 82(1) of the Police and Criminal demonstration Act (PACE) 1984 gives rendering to a confession. According to McAlhone and Stockdale A statement is a confession if, whether oral or written or made by conduct (e.g by video re-enactment), it is at least in part, adverse to its makers interests.33 It is important to note that confessions are an out of court statement that the defendant made and the prosecution wants to admit it for its truth. This makes the evidence hearsay and as such it is generally inadmissible but there are exceptions to the hearsay rule which is contained in two provisions.The statutory provisions that regulates the admissibility of confessions is s76 and s78 of PACE 1984. S76(1) of PACE lays out the admissibility of the confession made by the def endant as evidence against him/her. The key factors for admissibility under section 76(1) of PACE is (i) the confession should be relevant to any matter in issue and (ii) it is not excluded by the court in pursuance of s76.34 The court have a discretion to exclude a confession if it falls under the provision of s76(2) of PACE and it is up to the prosecution to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the confession does not fall under s76(2) of PACE35.S76(2)(a) refers to a confession being obtained by burdensomeness. Section 76(8) of PACE explains what constitutes oppression but this is only a partial definition. In R v Fulling36 oppression was given the oxford dictionary meaning the oxford dictionary defines oppression as protracted cruel or unjust treatment or exercise of authority.37 patch Lord Lane in the case of Fulling38gave a description of what s76(2)(b) covers. He believed that the confession must be shown to be voluntary in the sense impression that it was not obtained by fear of prejudice or hope of advantage, emotional or held out by a person in authority39 s76(2)(b) looks at the unreliability of a confession, hence looking at the circumstances of anything said and done on the occasion of confession that would make it unreliable it also includes things not said and not done which could include omissions, breaches of PACE and associated Codes of Practice40. There needs to be a causal link between what was said and done in the circumstance and the confession.Relating this to the issue, Avril made a confession which could be admissible under s76(1) of PACE 1984 because the confession is relevant to the matter in issue. The second factor is the no exclusion by the courts. S76(2)(a) does not apply to Avrils case because it can be seen from the facts of the issue that her confession was not obtained by oppression there was no exercise of authority or gouge or inhuman and degrading treatment done to Avril. Since Avrils confession does not fall under op pression s76(2)(b) can be used. The first fact of the issue was that P.C. Pumpkin forgot to issue the police caution before she was hearinged. The misadventure to give a police caution is a breach of write in code C under PACE 1984 as seen in Doolan 198841. The second fact of the issue was Avrils solicitor was not called because of the confusion in the change of police shifts. The right to a solicitor for the accused is found in s56 of PACE 198442. Failure to provide access to a solicitor as needful by this provision could lead a person of low IQ who knows little about the process to confess but this whitethorn have less effect upon a person who can cope with an interview situation and is aware of his legal rights43 as seen in R v Alladice (1988)44. There is an assumption that Avril is aware of her legal rights because she has had past convictions of the similar offence, therefore her not having a solicitor has little effect on her confession.The third fact of the issue was th at Avril was not given any food and confound for 24 hours and became claustrophobic in the police cell and is also diabetic. Her confession is unreliable because she was not given proper rest45 which can also include the provision of food and drink. A police misconduct is not required. In Walker 1998 46the police were unsuspecting of the mental condition of the defendant47. The police were unaware of Avrils claustrophobia as well as her diabetes so the police misconduct in regards to this cannot be relied upon. Nonetheless code C does require the police to dish to detained person if the need for attention is urgent.Another provision that protects the accused from unsportsmanlike proceedings and unsporting evidence is s78 of PACE 198448. This provision shows exclusion of unfair evidence by the court if it would have an adverse effect on the fairness of the proceedings49. A breach of PACE or the codes may lead to an exclusion, however the breach should be significant and substant ial50. It will not be appropriate to exclude a confession based on a breach which is inconsequential, for example, failure to provide a solicitor51. It was clear that there was a breach of code when the police did not give Avril access to a solicitor but based on an assumption that Avril could handle an interview situation because she has had previous dealings with police interviews from her past convictions the breach may not be substantial enough for the court to exclude it.In conclusion, Avrils confession is unreliable under s76(2)(b) of PACE which can be excluded by the court. This shows that her confession cannot be admissible under s76 of PACE. Nevertheless, it can be admissible under s78 of PACE because her confession was not unfair evidence, therefore it is highly likely the courts will not exclude this, subsequently the prosecution may adduce the evidence through this provision.BIBLIOGRAPHYBOOKSAndrew L-T Choo, test (3rd edn, Oxford University press, 2012)Christina McAlhon e and Michael Stockdale, Nutshells, Evidence in a nutshell (3rd edn, Sweet and Maxwell Limited, 2002)Richard Glover, Murphy on Evidence (14th edn, Oxford University Press, 2015)CASESHanson (Gilmore) 2005 EWCA Crim 824R v Alladice (1988) 87 Cr App R 380R v Davis 2008 EWCA Crim 1156R v Doolan 1988 Crim LR 747R v Fulling 1987 2 All ER 65R v Hanson 2005 EWCA Crim 824R v L 2009 1 WLR 626, CAR v Phillips 2003 EWCA Crim 1379R v Tirnaveanu 2007 EWCA Crim 1239R v Trussler 1988 Crim LR 446R v Walker 1998 Crim LR 211STATUTESCriminal Justice Act 2003Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999WEBSITESOxforddictionary.com Oppression, https//en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/oppression accessed 15 March, 2017TheLawDictionary.org, What is pertinent?, http//thelawdictionary.org/relevant/ accessed 8 March 20171 TheLawDictionary.org, What is RELEVANT?, http//thelawdictionary.org/relevant/ accessed 8 March 2017.2 Richard Glover, Murphy on Evidence (14th edn, Ox ford University Press, 2015) p 5903 Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 s 53 (1)4 Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 s 53 (1)5 Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 s80 (3)6 Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 s80 (3)7 R v L 2009 1 WLR 626, CA8 R v L 2009 1 WLR 626, CA9 Andrew L-T Choo, Evidence (3rd edn, Oxford University press, 2012) p 27710 Criminal Justice Act 200311 Criminal Justice Act 2003 s116 (2)12 Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 s16-s1713 Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 s1714 Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 s1715 Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 s2316 Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 s27(1)-(3)17 Criminal Justice Act 2003 s9818 R v Tirnaveanu 2007 EWCA Crim 123919 Criminal Justice Act 2003 s9820 Andrew L-T Choo, Evidence (3rd edn, Oxford University press, 2012) p 25821 Andrew L-T Choo, Evidence (3rd edn, Oxford University press, 2012) p 25822 Criminal Justice Act 2003 s11223 H anson (Gilmore) 2005 EWCA Crim 82424 Hanson (Gilmore) 2005 EWCA Crim 82425 Criminal Justice Act 2003 s10226 R v Davis 2008 EWCA Crim 115627R v Phillips 2003 EWCA Crim 137928 R v Phillips 2003 EWCA Crim 137929 R v Phillips 2003 EWCA Crim 137930 Criminal Justice Act 2003 s103 (1) (a)31 R v Hanson 2005 EWCA Crim 82432 R v Hanson 2005 EWCA Crim 82433 Christina McAlhone and Michael Stockdale, Nutshells, Evidence in a nutshell (3rd edn, Sweet and Maxwell Limited, 2002) p 8234 Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 s76 (1)35 Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 s76 (2)36 R v Fulling 1987 2 All ER 6537 Oxforddictionary.com Oppression, https//en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/oppression accessed 15 March, 201738 R v Fulling 1987 2 All ER 65

How the Dominican Republic Changed My American Middle Class Life :: Personal Narrative Culture Essays

How the Dominican Republic Changed My American Middle partitioning Life I am a product of American society. born(p) and raised in Racine, Wisconsin, I grew up in a nerve class suburban neighborhood. Christian morals and values have been bestowed upon me since the day I was brought into this world. I was taught to love and respect others. I would have like to think that I was the result of a well-rounded educational system. later all, I studied world history. I was alike exposed to the horrors of third-world countries by watching the commercials on television crying out for money to tending those children with bellies bloated of air and disease eating their bodies? And of course, I will never sink the tragedies of oppressed nations so eloquently represented in the day-after-day editions of the journal Times. Every morning I sat in my kitchen, scanning the daily paper over a cup of coffee contemplating my daily routine. Should I take the Nissan or the Toyota to rail today? Jeans or khakis? Bagel or cereal? All of the essential elements of an average Americans inscription that clutter my brain with decisions seemed to overwhelm me early in the morning. On a usual morning, I would choose the Nissan, a gas-guzzling beast that had become the new-made fad among American consumers. I would stroll into school wearing my spreading jeans and J-Crew tee shirt, conscious of the casual look I chose to sport. I would cause my day mingling amongst my friends, all remarkably similarly dressed and groomed. We would argue the all of the pressing social issues if Joey and Pacy broke up on Dawsons Creek, where we could buy the latest New Balance shoes, and most importantly, who would have the party on Friday night. Throughout my years in high school, I also became an amazingly cultured individual. Six black people attended my school and I was a friend to all of them. Antheas parents were even from Afric a. I also familiarized myself with Indian culture as Pikul Patel was a schoolmate of mine since grade school and I talked to him too.

Research on early fathers and mothers involvement and childs later educ

In 2004, the British Journal of Educational psychology releases a report on a research that was conducted by Eirini Flouri and Ann Buchanan transactions with the correlation of premature interaction of parents and the future assessment of their children in school. preceding to this article, little research was given to the individual long-term contribution that early parent involvement had in a childs victory in school. Flouri and Buchanan had three particular goals in mind while complemental this research (1) To explore the role of early father involvement in childrens later educational attainment independently of the role of early overprotect involvement and other confounds, (2) to investigate whether gender and family structure moderate the race between fathers and mothers involvement and childs educational attainment, and (3) to explore whether the impact of fathers involvement depends on the level of mothers involvement (www.Ingentaselect.com). The study was provoked by the considerable occur of research presented by the linked States that suggested that early father involvement would locomote to positive outcomes in children Flouri and Buchanan wanted to evaluate if this was the case in the United Kingdom (www.literacytrust.org.uk). The researchers had positivistic basis for obtaining their study. It was solely an attempt to reveal patterns and regularities dealing with the subject manner. They gave a secondary analysis of work that was deductive of longitudinal data coll...

Exploration of the Brain in Emily Dickinsons Poem 670 :: Emily Dickinson Poem 670 Essays

geographic expedition of the Brain in Emily Dickinsons Poem 670The intelligence is one of the most abstruse organs of the entire human body. How many people over the movement of time have explored and tried to explain the brain? Even with millions of peoples opinions of how the brain works, we still do not understand the most intrinsic part of it. The tricky part is the subconscious. We be able to hide things, even from ourselves, for years. How is it that we pot bury so much information that becomes so hard to gravel? Emily Dickinson understood this concept. She did not understand the way the brain works, perhaps, but without a doubt she did understand that it is able to conceal things from ourselves. The brain has Corridors-surpassing Material put in (3-4). Surpassing all material things, the brain is recent those things. Within the corridors are heaps of information that we sometimes even become unaware of. Something has to be a trigger, to set off a specific corridor i n regularize to bring that information back to mind. Many times this is proven when a person whom has endured abuse as a babe is counseled. Psychiatrists have to investigating deep into those corridors to retrieve information that the child has willingly or subconsciously buried. So, why was Dickinson so interested in these corridors? Perhaps she was dealing with something of her past and during that time realized how hard it is to retrieve things sometimes. Perhaps she was counseling a close friend or family member and wrote this as a run of that. Perhaps she was studying the brain and became interested in doing research. Perhaps none of these things were the case with Dickinson. Whatever her reason, the poem shows much thought. We go on to hire that any ghost meeting at midnight is safer than probing into that abyss called the mind. why is it so unsafe? Well, what kind of things do we bury deep into our minds? Normally, they are things that we want to forget, painful memories , and embarrassing experiences. Those things can definitely be considered dangerous. If they were not dangerous, why would we bury them in the first place? To illustrate this point, I am going to tell you a story. I am the child of an alcoholic father. I have always lived under dangerous circumstances, and because of this, I have chosen to forget much of my childhood.

Which EU institution is the most powerful? Essay -- Economics

Which EU macrocosm is the most magnateful?The European Union (EU) is currently make up of 25 countries, known asMember States, which together create the largest spontaneous and peacefulblock of countries in the world. Many people mistakenly go out theEuropean Union as a single body whilst in fact the EU consists of anumber of contrary institutions that together exhaust a bun in the oven out activities onbeone-half of the Member States. There are many institutions yet the mainfive being the Commission, the Council of Ministers (also called theCouncil of the European Union), the European Council and the European sevens and the European Court of Justice. In this essay I am handout to focus on these institutions and discuss which is to beconsidered more powerful. I go out firstly look at each oneindividually and how it is organized then analyse its powers andresponsibilities before comparing them and drawing up my conclusions. notwithstanding I would like to note that there ar e many differentinterpretations and parameters of powerful which make it difficultto answer the question.The EU was established in 1992 by the Maastricht Treaty. It compriseswhat are known as three pillars. Firstly the EC fosterly,inter-governmental co-operation (i.e. between national governments) inforeign and security policy and the thirdly pillar beinginter-governmental co-operation in justice and home affairs. In thesecond and third pillars policy decisions are made by unanimouscooperation between members and cannot be en pull backd. Therefore for themost part, the governing institutions of the EC pillar have limitedinput in these pillars.The European Commission does much of the periodic work in theEuropean Union and is the driving force in the Unions institutionalsystem. Their main responsibility is to initiate and implement newprograms, and they form a permanent executive that supervise the workof the EU, much in the way that a national cabinet operates. Thispower is displa yed in term 211 of the Treaty Establishing theEuropean Community, which states that, the CommissionShall formulate recommendations or deliver opinions on matters dealtwith in this treaty, if it expressly so provides or if the commissionconsiders it necessary.The Commission is made up of a President and the College ofCommissioners (the political arm), and the Direc... ...-------------------------------------1 The Presidency of the Council is the driving force in the legislative and political decision-making process, organising and chairing all meetings and working out compromises to crock up any difficulties. The Presidency rotates among the Member States every six months and is used as a mechanism through which Member States can advance item priorities. The UK will next hold the Presidency in the second half of 2005.2 The European Councils far reaching and dramatic decisions have helped propel their meetings into the familiar spotlight where they have be come the focal point for media coverage of the EU, which increases their power3 During the political, economic and institutional weakening of the European Community (EC) in the mid-sixties and 1970s the ECJ persisted and struggled on to create an extensive and powerful mass of field of study law that continued the process for deeper integration. The outcome of this was extremely positive. The work of the ECJ substantial not just a new legal order alone also assisted in the ECs resurgence during the 1980s. (Dinan 2000 p301)

Discrimination is a Virtue Essay -- Robert Keith Miller Essays

Discrimination is a bonnyice In the next few paragraphs I will critique the rhetorical effectualness of Robert Keith Millers assay, Discrimination is a Virtue. In his essay Miller tries to re influence the word discrimination. I will evaluate the effectiveness of his argument, and suggest different elements he could have incorporated or deleted to reach out his paper more effective. Overall, Miller gets his point across and enlightens the subscriber, entirely I do not believe he had a goal in writing this to make any tangible changes.The first aspect of this schoolbook that diminishes the credibility of the essay, is the fact that the only thing the reader completes about the author, is that his mark is Robert Keith Miller. No additional background information is supplied to let the reader know if Miller has any authority on the topic. It is unknown if he is in a minority, if he has been traditionally well educated, or if he is just an observant man who is able to conve y his observations through words. The topic that he chose to write on however, is obvious to anyone who is willing to open their eyes. Miller explains to the reader that the word discrimination is no longer used in the consideration that it was originally meant, but instead is now used to negatively define differences. He exposits on this idea, highlighting the fact that our partnership tries to pretend that these differences feignt matter, when they clearly do. Miller doesnt chew the fatm to have a specific intended audience, instead he seems to be addressing American society as a whole. He makes the essay accessible to everyone by siting legion(predicate) different examples and short parables. This was an effective technique for the beginning of the essay because it draw in the readers attention. Miller ... ...ph, which focuses on politics is the weakest of the three. Miller uses all generalizations in his argument that the voting population is faced with in like manner many options, and too little information. Yet again he makes a valid point, but like the candidates he is criticizing, he fails to back it up. Miller brings up devil very good points in this essay, the misuse of the word discrimination and Americans refusal to see differences in our society. He is criticizing a trait that many people in America have, and because of this negative reflection Miller needs to back up his conclusion with solid evidence. If Miller had chosen one of the three examples to expand on, his paper would have had more authority. As it is, Discrimination is a Virtue, brings up ideas that really should be expanded on to make our country a better place, but on its own fails to convince the reader.

The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn Essay -- Literary Analysis, Mark Twa

Often th uptightout a soulfulnesss life negative and positive influences are infused into ones mind through friends, and family. In Mark Twains novel, The Adventures of huckleberry Finn, the principal character, grows up under the guidance of three different adult views on how a boy should behave. Huck, the lead character, learns tendingful and damaging life lessons from the leave behind Douglas, Miss Watson, Jim, and pap.To begin with, the Widow Douglas and Miss Watson are two blind drunk sisters who adopt Huck. Thw two sisters want to teach Huck the importance of religion, manners, and behaving. After staying in the house for a while, Huck realizes that it is rough living in the house all the time, because the Widow Douglas wants to sivilize him(Twain, 1). When dinner sidetracky is ready the widow would call Huck to the table, but before they began eating the widow needs to tuck down her head and grumble a little over the victuals (1). Huck knew there was nothing was uncon ventional with the food but because the widow was religious she was trying to instill in Huck that he needs to bless his food and give give thanks to God for it. The widow is trying to make religion a part of Hucks life, which seems to be a negative impact on his life considering the many times Twain portrays religious persons as creation gullible. Miss Watson, the more forceful of the two sisters, is adamant about acquiring huck to behave. To help mold Huck into a person that goes to the trusty place also known as heaven, Miss Watson constantly tells him things to do to help him behave such as dont project your feet up there and set up straight(2). Besides adopting a religion, and behaving, Hucks appearance needed to be neat and respectable. Although the new clothes do Huck sweat and sweat,... ...who has ever kep his promise to ole Jim (80). Another character whole tone that Huck learns from Jim is that African-Americans are people too that can feel the selfsame(prenomina l) about their family as Caucassians feel about theirs. Huck often hears Jim moaning in the night about being homesick and missing his family. This is when Huck understands that sound because Jim is African-American does not mean that they are incapable of having the same feelings as Caucassians. In commonplace Jim affects Huck positively because now Huck is humble, trustworthy, and not as influenced by society about African-Americans.Ultimately, Hucks record is shaped by three adults with different guidance styles. In general Miss Watson, Widow Douglas, and Jim put in beneficial character traits to help shape Huck Finn as a person, while pap except added worthless drivel such as not going to school.

Juliet is Independent, Courageous, and Heroic in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet

Juliet is Independent, Courageous, and  Heroic in Romeo and Juliet         After reading William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, you have a better to a lower placestanding of the characters then when we are first introduced to them. Juliet Capulet, who is one of the primary(prenominal) characters, is placed in a cruel and vicious adult world.  She is under many pressures and demands of her family.  Thus, during the consort Juliet becomes an independent, courageous, and heroic young woman.         Many times in the play Juliet shows many acts of being independent. When she was under the pressure to marry genus Paris, Juliet stood up for what she thought was right and best for her and refused to marry him.  In a piling of situations Juliet relied on the Nurse to guide her and make decisions for her. When the Nurse started pushing Juliet towards marring Paris and cutting down Romeo, she could no longer put trust i n her and wanted nothing to do with her.         Throughout her role in the play Juliet showed allot of courage. For instance, Juliet decides to marry Romeo even though their families are enemies. She knows that her parents would never consent to the marriage but lets the love lead her way. When  Juliet says to Friar Lawrence Go seduce thee hence, for I wilt not away....(V.iii.160) Juliet is telling Friar that you can leave alone Romeo since he is dead but I will not because I love him. Her Juliet shows courage because she decides to stick by with Romeo knowing that there is allot at risk is anyone finds her.         Juliet showed many acts of heroism in the play. In order to stay married with Romeo, Juliet takes a potion that makes her seem dead for two days . non knowing if she was going to wake up, Juliet took the chance so that her and Romeo could possibly be reunited.  She did in fact wake up seconds too late u pright in time to see Romeo drinking the poison. Without thinking twice she killed herself, so she could be with Romeo.

Major Motivational and Emotional Response Theories :: Pyschology, Informative

MAJOR MOTIVATIONAL AND stimulated RESPONSE THEORIESDefine the major motivational and emotional response theories that square off behavior.Emotion is a intuitive feelinging state involving physiological arousal, a cognitive appraisal of situation arousing the state, and an outward expression of the state.The James-Lange Theory James claimed that scratch line an event causes physiological arousal and a physical response. Only then(prenominal)ce does the individual perceive or interpret the physical response as an emotion. In other words, saying something stupid causes you to blush, and you interpret your physical response, blushing, as an emotion, embarrassment. He went on to suggest that we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, apprehensive because we trembleThe Cannon-Bard Theory Emotion-provoking stimuli are received by the senses and are then relayed simultaneously to the cerebral cortex, which provides the conscious mental experience of the emotion, and to th e sympathetic flighty system, which produces the physiological state of arousal. In other words, your feeling of emotion (fear, for example) occurs at about the same time that you experience physiological arousal(a power hammer heart). One does not cause the other.The Schachter-Singer Theory According to his theory, two things must happen in order for a person to feel an emotion. 1. The person must first experience physiological arousal. 2. Then in that respect must be a cognitive interpretation or business relationship of the logical arousal so that the person can label it as a specific emotion. He concluded that a true emotion can occur only if a person is physically ruttish and can find some reason for it.The Lazarus Theory a cognitive appraisal is the first step in an